Rockets may not be launched, per our safety codes, when the winds exceed 20 miles per hour (mph, 17.4 knots). A question, when reading the windspeed, is how do you decide the winds are exceeding 20 miles per hour.
A reference to consider is the Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1, Surface Weather Observations and Reports. This document is available online under number FCM-H1-2019. The purpose of this document is to define “the observing, reporting, and coding standards for all meteorological reports.” Chapter 5 of this document discusses wind observations.
Section 5.4.3 defines how wind speed is determined. Per this section “The wind speed shall be determined by averaging the speed over a 2-minute period.” This section also provides a table, partially shown below, for estimating wind speed when instruments are not available. Wind gusts, defined in Section 5.4.4, are rapid fluctuations in wind speed with a variation of 10 knots (11.5 mph) or more between peaks and lulls. Wind speeds over a period of 10 minutes are examined to evaluate the presence of gusts.
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Mph (Knots)
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Specification
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< 1.2 (<1)
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Calm; smoke rises vertically
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1.2 - 3.5 (1-3)
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Direction of wind shown by smoke drift; not by wind vanes
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4.6 – 6.9 (4-6)
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Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; vanes moved by wind
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8.1 – 11.5 (7-10)
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Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag
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12.7 – 18.4 (11-16)
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Raises dust; loose paper; small branches moved
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19.6 – 24.2 (17-21)
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Small trees in leaf begin to sway
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Rocketeers may determine compliance with the 20 mph (17.4 knots) limit by averaging the wind speeds over a 2-minute period. If the average wind speed during a 2 minute period is 20 mph (17.4 knots) or less, rocket launches may proceed. While the existence of gusts is averaged within the 2-minute period range, personnel should use judgement to avoid launches during a perceived gust. Factors to be considered when launching at the upper wind speed limits include the stability of the rocket (rockets are less stable at launch), weathercocking (non-vertical flight), and the potential for rockets leaving the authorized flying field.
Digital hand-held anemometers (wind speed meters) are a suggested tool to measure wind speed. Various anemometer types (e.g. vane, cup, hot wire) are available. Features to look for are changeable scales ( e.g. mph, knots) and wind speed averaging. Some units include temperature and humidity measurements as well as being waterproof and having protective cases. Depending on features, these devices can be purchased for under $100.00. The NAR section grant can be used by your section to purchase one of these devices.
Stephen Lubliner
NAR Safety Committee Chairman